Malcom X

From prison cell to global icon. Taught himself by memorizing the dictionary, then became the most electrifying orator of his generation. Grew the Nation of Islam from 400 members to 40,000. After Mecca, he left the group—rare courage, which probably cost him his life. Reframed civil rights as human rights. Transformed "Black" from insult to affirmation. Assassinated at 39, but his autobiography remains essential American literature. By any means necessary, he meant it.